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Biological age tests: Should you get one?

admin by admin
August 29, 2025
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Biological age tests: Should you get one?


If you happen to’ve heard of billionaire Bryan Johnson, you’ve possible encountered the phrase “bio age testing.”

Johnson, the topic of the Netflix documentary Don’t Die, says he’s on a quest to realize the bottom potential “organic age” (also called bio age).

He reportedly spends thousands and thousands annually on anti-aging remedies—dozens of day by day dietary supplements, weekly acid peels for his pores and skin, injections to spice up collagen manufacturing, hyperbaric oxygen remedy, and plasma infusions extracted from his 17-year-old son’s physique.

To find out what’s working, Johnson has undergone quite a few checks to evaluate his bio age. Johnson says these checks present his age is now 5.1 years youthful than when he launched into his anti-aging quest.

Apparently, he’s growing old in reverse.

Granted, not everybody’s shopping for it. A New York Occasions exposé, for instance, claims Johnson’s organic age, in actuality, has elevated by 10 years.1

Nonetheless, Johnson’s “don’t die” campaign is gaining traction.

Bio age checks are a frequent matter on standard podcasts by Peter Attia, Joe Rogan, and Andrew Huberman. Google “bio age testing” and also you’ll see dozens of advertisements for mail-order blood or urine testing kits that declare to disclose your organic age, tempo of growing old, and extra. With costs tumbling into affordability, it’s pure to marvel…

Do you have to or your shopper join bio age testing?

If that’s the case, which check is finest? Simply as importantly, what do you have to do with the data?

On this story, you’ll be taught:

What’s your bio age?

Your organic age (bio age) refers to how your cells perform. It’s not essentially the identical as your chronological age, which refers back to the variety of candles in your birthday cake.

For instance, let’s say Chang, a 50-year-old man, works at a desk, spends his free time in entrance of the TV, lives in probably the most polluted metropolis on the planet, eats a sweet bar for lunch, and smokes. However, Jabari, a unique 50-year-old man, hits the health club a number of occasions every week, lives within the mountains, doesn’t smoke, relishes his 5 servings of veggies a day, meditates, and spends most evenings in his backyard.

Genetics apart, you’d be smart to wager that Jabari’s bio age is youthful than Chang’s.

How do these checks measure bio age?

Bio age testing kits measure a number of organic markers of growing old, also called biomarkers.

For instance, some checks concentrate on the dimensions of your telomeres, the protecting caps on the ends of chromosomes. Others measure DNA methylation, a physiological course of that chemically alters DNA.

As soon as an organization isolates and measures these markers out of your blood or urine, it plugs the bio information right into a components that calculates your bio age.

Nonetheless, when you see a health care provider with any regularity, you’re possible already monitoring some biomarkers of growing old. For instance, biomarkers akin to blood stress, levels of cholesterol, and blood glucose might help predict your danger of future heart problems, a number one explanation for untimely loss of life.

What’s the purpose of biomarker testing?

Biomarker testing might help you monitor your wellness proactively somewhat than ready for illness signs to look.

For some, it additionally serves as a motivator. If you happen to be taught you could have the bones of somebody 20 years older, this may occasionally provide the nudge you have to begin power coaching persistently.

As well as, biomarkers present goal information, permitting you to trace and consider varied health-related actions quantitatively. By monitoring your blood stress, you may be taught that constant train helps, however your late-afternoon vitality drink does the alternative.

5 FREE biomarker checks

You don’t must be a billionaire (or perhaps a millionaire) to trace biomarkers of growing old.

On this part, we’ll cowl a number of massively underappreciated, scientifically validated checks you should use to realize perception into your bio age—for FREE.

Earlier than scientists developed high-tech blood-based bio age checks, researchers used these free checks to calculate the tempo of growing old within the folks they studied.

FREE biomarker check #1: Get off the ground

People who find themselves fitter and stronger are inclined to reside longer.2

That’s as a result of muscle mass do extra than simply transfer us round. Additionally they secrete anti-inflammatory substances, assist to manage blood sugar, sluggish mobile growing old, defend the liner of the arteries, and extra. All this helps scale back the chance of age-related ailments, akin to kind 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart illness, a phenomenon we discover in our article, The New Science of Muscle.

Associated to power, your capability to stability can be key. If you happen to’re middle-aged or older and may’t stand on one foot for not less than 10 seconds, your danger of dying within the subsequent seven years is double that of somebody who can stand for longer, in keeping with a research of 1,700 folks.3

The Sitting-Rising Take a look at (SRT) is one method to assess each power and stability on the identical time.

Folks with low scores on this check have a better danger of dying from heart problems, in keeping with a 12-year research of 4,200 adults between the ages of 46 and 75.4

▶ Learn how to measure it

Decrease your self to the ground together with your legs in a crisscross place. Then, together with your legs in the identical place, stand again up. As you stand, discover when you should use part of your physique—hand, shin, knee—as leverage.

To attain your self, begin with 10 factors. Then, for every physique half you used to face, deduct a degree. Subtract a half level when you grew to become unsteady or misplaced your stability.

Remember the fact that this (and different checks) function a proxy on your health. A low rating signifies that your stability and coordination, muscle power and energy, and mobility might all require some consideration.

FREE biomarker check #2: Squeeze a ball

Just like the SRT check, your grip power gives perception into your general health. If the muscle mass in your arms are weak, the muscle mass all through your physique usually tend to be weak, too.

Poor grip power may also predict future muscle weak spot. In a single research, folks with a weak grip had been extra prone to stroll slowly and be unable to rise from a chair, full rigorous housekeeping, or climb a flight of steps 25 years later.5

Low grip power has additionally been related to:6

  • Low bone mineral density
  • Elevated danger of falls
  • Poor dietary standing
  • Melancholy
  • Poor sleep, cognitive perform, and/or high quality of life
  • Elevated danger of coronary heart illness, most cancers, and untimely mortality

Based on one research, grip power was a greater indicator of longevity (or lack thereof) than blood stress.7

▶ Learn how to measure it

Seize an ordinary tennis ball, and squeeze as arduous as you’ll be able to, for so long as you’ll be able to.

If you happen to can handle 15 to 30 seconds earlier than your grip fatigues, you’re doing nice. Ninety seconds places you nicely above common—something over 90 ranks you solidly within the upper-third percentile.

If you happen to’re beneath 15, remember that this check can be only one indicator of your general power. (And squeezing balls to enhance grip power with out coaching the remainder of your physique is unlikely to make vital enhancements in your general well being and health.)

A hand-held dynamometer—out there to be used at most occupational therapists’ and a few gyms—may also check grip power. (If you happen to’re prepared to shell out some money, you should purchase your personal for someplace between $100 and $500.)

FREE biomarker check #3: Stand on one foot

A capability to stability on one foot for an prolonged interval might help scale back your danger of falls, one of many main causes of injury-related loss of life amongst older adults.

As well as, many alternative bodily techniques—the eyes, interior ear, skeletal muscle mass, and mind—should work collectively that can assist you keep upright.

Situations like diabetes, coronary heart illness, and most cancers can all have an effect on stability. Because of this, an incapability to face on one foot can function a warning signal for eroding well being and health.8

▶ Learn how to measure it

Stand close to a wall or chair for security. Hold your eyes open and arms in your hips. Then, raise your dominant leg and begin timing your self. As soon as you place your foot down, cease the clock. Repeat the check together with your non-dominant leg.

After getting your occasions, examine them to the next averages, from a research out of Duke College, to see how you probably did in comparison with your age-matched friends.9

Age Seconds on one leg (males) Seconds on one leg (females)
30-39 59 56
40-49 56 55
50-59 42 48
60-69 40 38
70-79 27 25
80+ 13 11

FREE biomarker check #4: How you’re feeling

Typically you already know why you’re drained, such because the morning after binge-watching the previous few episodes of a thriller. When you atone for your sleep, the weariness lifts.

That’s not the identical factor as fatigue, which describes persistent exhaustion that worsens over time and interferes with life. Along with feeling bodily drained, somebody who’s fatigued feels mentally uninteresting and emotionally exhausted.

Consider fatigue as an early signal that one thing’s off, particularly when you don’t know the trigger.

Let’s say you’ve already dominated out the same old suspects like an excessive amount of caffeine, dehydration, an excessive amount of alcohol, treatment unwanted side effects, power stress, or an excessive amount of or too little train. What’s left is probably going a sleep problem or a creating well being downside akin to anemia, weight problems, melancholy, most cancers, or diabetes, to call just a few.

If you happen to’re 60 or older, fatiguability—or how worn out you’re feeling after an exercise—may also predict longevity.

Based on analysis out of the College of Pittsburgh Medical Middle, the upper somebody scores in fatiguability, the upper their danger of loss of life sooner or later.10 Different analysis has linked excessive fatiguability with declines in gait pace, strolling capability, and different checks of health.11

▶ Learn how to measure it

To measure fatigability, use a device referred to as the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale. Utilizing a 0 (no fatigue) to five (excessive fatigue) scale, charge how fatigued you suppose you’d really feel after finishing the next actions:

Exercise Length Rating (0 to five)
Leisurely strolling half-hour
Brisk or quick strolling 1 hour
Gentle family exercise 1 hour
Heavy gardening or yard work 1 hour
Watching tv 2 hours
Sitting quietly 1 hour
Average-to-high depth power coaching half-hour
Collaborating in a social exercise 1 hour
Internet hosting a social occasion for 60 minutes 1 hour
Excessive depth exercise half-hour
Add all scores:

If you happen to rating lower than 15, you’re doing nicely. Scores between 15 and 24 are a warning signal. Something 25 and above is thought to be extreme, and price mentioning to your healthcare skilled.12

FREE biomarker check #5: Physique composition

Regardless of standard perception, each too little and an excessive amount of physique fats can affect well being for the more serious, as we discover in our infographic, Is body fat good or bad for you?

An excessive amount of fats raises the chance for: Too little muscle raises danger for:
Coronary heart illness Coronary heart illness
Hypertension Hypertension
Most cancers Most cancers
Fatty liver illness Stroke
Insulin resistance Insulin resistance
Kind 2 diabetes Sooner mobile growing old
Irritation Irritation
Joint misery Melancholy and anxiousness
Sleep apnea Falls and lack of stability

Your muscle mass additionally performs a job, which is why somebody’s physique composition issues greater than their weight.

The gold normal strategies that estimate physique composition—underwater weighing, air displacement (Bod Pod), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)—definitely aren’t free.

Nonetheless, a current research decided {that a} good old school (and low-cost) tape measure can present a comparably correct estimate of physique composition.13

▶ Learn how to measure it

To make use of a tape measure to maintain observe of your physique fats share, measure:

  • The widest a part of your neck
  • The narrowest a part of your waist (For some folks, this shall be on the navel. For others, it may be barely above the navel)
  • The widest a part of your hips

Make sure the tape is comfortable however not so tight that it cuts into the pores and skin. After getting your measurements, plug these numbers—alongside together with your age, intercourse, top, and weight—into our FREE Body Fat Calculator, which is able to take it from there.

Physician-approved biomarker checks

Relying on the place you reside on the planet, the next checks might not be free. Nonetheless, as a part of routine preventative care, your insurance coverage may cowl them.

Physician-approved check #1: Blood panel

In case your major care physician recommends yearly blood work, it’s for good motive.

By holding tabs on a number of blood markers, you’ll be able to see in case your well being is trending towards kind 2 diabetes or coronary heart illness, each main causes of untimely mortality.

Many blood markers will also be influenced comparatively shortly (inside 6 to 12 weeks) by way of way of life adjustments, complement protocols, or drugs. This makes them sensible instruments for monitoring whether or not varied way of life or medical modifications are working.

▶ Learn how to measure it

If you happen to’re not already doing so, think about having the next blood markers examined yearly. Then, speak to your well being care skilled about what your numbers imply. They may use the next numbers, alongside together with your blood stress, to calculate a heart problems danger rating.

Blood marker Optimum vary
Complete ldl cholesterol < 200 mg/dL*
LDL < 100 mg/dL for these with out coronary heart illness
< 70 mg/dL for these with a historical past of coronary heart assault or stroke
HDL > 60 mg/dL
Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL
Alipoprotein B (Apo B) < 133 mg/dL (males)
< 117 mg/dL (females)
Lipoprotein (a) < 30 mg/dL
C-reactive protein < 2.0 mg/L**
Fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C < 5.7%

*Milligrams per deciliter of blood
**Milligrams per liter

Physician-approved check #2: Bone density

When researchers research wholesome super-agers aged 90 and older, sturdy bones are one in every of their defining options.14

Which may be as a result of, like muscle mass, bones are reside organs that secrete substances which may be helpful to general well being and longevity.15

For instance, bones secrete osteocalcin, a hormone that performs a job in bone transforming. When osteocalcin circulates within the physique, it’s thought to play a job in all the things from serving to muscle mass to provide ATP to regulating mind neurotransmitters.

Due to these diverse roles, it’s thought that, as bones put on away, osteocalcin ranges drop, contributing to many age-related well being issues, together with diabetes, low muscle mass, and cognitive points.16 17 (No less than, that’s the speculation. Most of this analysis has been performed on mice.)

Osteocalcin apart, lack of bone density can, in fact, result in fractures, which may enhance your danger of loss of life for as much as 10 years after a break.18

It’s particularly necessary to maintain tabs on bone well being when you’re in any of those high-risk classes:

  • You’re feminine and went by way of menopause earlier than age 45.
  • You’ve been sedentary most of your grownup life.
  • You are taking drugs akin to diuretics or stomach-acid blockers, that are linked with an elevated danger of osteoporosis.
  • You may have a historical past of nicotine use or extreme alcohol consumption.
  • You may have a medical situation, akin to diabetes or thyroid illness, that raises your danger.
  • You may have a household historical past of osteoporosis.

▶ Learn how to measure it

Twin-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are a sort of X-ray that measures the quantity of bone mineral content material packed right into a sq. centimeter of bone.

Insurance coverage usually gained’t cowl these scans for folks youthful than 65 except there’s a documented danger of creating osteoporosis. Out of pocket, the common price is about $300.

While you obtain your DEXA outcomes, you’ll see a T-score that represents how your bone density compares to the common bone density of a younger grownup with peak bone mass. A T-score of +1.0 to -1.0 means you could have regular bone mineral density for somebody your age. Something beneath -1.0 means you might need osteopenia (low bone mineral density) or osteoporosis (porous bones which might be vulnerable to fracture).

Business bio age checks

When you’ve got some cash to burn, you’ll be able to be taught an terrible lot about your physique.

Right here, you’ll discover a fast run-down on a number of the extra high-tech checks you will get and what they will inform you.

Nonetheless, earlier than we get into the small print, we need to level out just a few caveats:

▶ Organic age can fluctuate over time, and by organ. Somebody might undergo a interval of accelerated growing old—saying, throughout a interval of intense stress—then their charge of growing old might sluggish as they focus extra on restoration. Moreover, organs can age at completely different charges. For instance, somebody with coronary heart illness might have a comparatively older coronary heart than their kidneys. (Not all checks measure particular person organ age, but it surely’s turning into extra frequent.)

▶ Business checks gained’t all the time precisely replicate the adjustments you’re making. Till extra analysis helps the reliability of those checks, consider your behaviors over remoted check outcomes. If you happen to’re consuming extra fruits and veggies, exercising extra persistently, managing stress, and in any other case slaying the wholesome way of life division, don’t sweat your outcomes. Deal with doing the issues we all know enhance well being.

▶ If an organization pairs your check outcomes with a tough promote for a proprietary and costly complement protocol, be cautious. It’s higher to share and talk about your outcomes with a trusted well being skilled than take well being recommendation from a profit-seeking stranger over the web.

Business check #1: DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a organic course of that chemically alters DNA. As a result of the speed of methylation accelerates with growing old, it may be used to estimate somebody’s organic age and life expectancy, finds analysis.19 20 21

The Horvath Clock and DunedinPACE each measure particular biomarkers that can be utilized to raised perceive somebody’s methylation charge. Scientists developed these checks to assist different scientists research how varied way of life elements, environmental exposures, and medicines have an effect on growing old. They didn’t develop the checks as a approach for the common particular person to pinpoint their organic age. (Which hasn’t stopped firms from promoting DNA methylation testing kits to the general public.) They price about $300.

If you happen to resolve to get one in every of these checks, remember your outcomes gained’t provide you with a whole image of your well being and longevity. Ageing sometimes happens at various charges all through the physique. Your liver may age sooner than your coronary heart or mind, for instance. So when you measure DNA methylation in your blood, that’s all you already know about. Put one other approach, a DNA methylation check isn’t an alternative to your annual wellness checkup or blood work.

Business check #2: Telomere evaluation

Telomeres—the protecting caps on the ends of chromosomes—put on away with age. The size of a telomere can predict what number of occasions a selected cell can divide earlier than dying.

Abnormally quick telomeres are related to a number of genetic ailments. For that reason, when physicians suspect somebody might need inherited a genetic illness, they’ll order a selected kind of telomere check—the flow-FISH check—to measure the telomere size in all of the cells in a blood pattern.22 23

It’s extra debatable whether or not telomere checks can predict growing old in wholesome folks.

Simply as importantly, the telomere check marketed to the general public, generally known as the qPCR telomere check, isn’t utilized in analysis or drugs. These $100 checks are nice when you’re merely curious—simply don’t base well being and health selections in your outcomes.

Business check #3: VO2 Max

For years, solely elite athletes cared about VO2 max, which describes the utmost quantity of oxygen that your physique can use throughout train.

Extra lately, nonetheless, some specialists have advised that VO2 max can function a measure for athletes and non-athletes alike to trace the speed at which their our bodies are growing old.

Folks with excessive VO2 max have a tendency not solely to be extra bodily match but in addition much less prone to develop coronary heart illness, diabetes, most cancers, or stroke.24 25 26 27

In an observational research that adopted the well being outcomes of 5,107 Danish males over 46 years, males with above-average V02 max throughout center age lived a mean of 5 years longer than males with below-average V02 max. Every unit enhance in VO2 max was related to a 45-day enhance in longevity. The researchers advised VO2 max might extra precisely predict all-cause mortality than excessive ldl cholesterol, weight problems, hypertension, and insulin resistance.28

You may consider V02 max as a canary and your growing old physique as a coal mine.

As you age, your chest wall turns into extra inflexible, the muscle mass that encompass the lungs weaker, and the oxygen-carrying blood vessels calcified and fewer elastic. The center additionally squeezes with much less power, max coronary heart charge drops, muscle mass and power decline, the mitochondria in cells and muscle mass lose their effectiveness, amongst different variations.

Along with elevating your danger for a lot of completely different ailments, these adjustments may also have an effect on VO2 max, which tends to say no 10 % per decade beginning round age 30.29 30

Prior to now, the one method to reliably measure VO2 max was in a health lab.

You’ll put on a metabolic masks and a coronary heart monitor when you ran or cycled to exhaustion. The masks collected your expired carbon dioxide and monitored how a lot oxygen you sucked into your lungs. This lab-based testing continues to be probably the most correct method to measure V02 max in addition to different key health metrics akin to:

  • Max coronary heart charge, or the best variety of occasions your coronary heart can beat per minute throughout train
  • Ventilatory threshold 1, or the purpose throughout train when the physique switches from primarily utilizing fats for gas to utilizing a mix of fats and glucose or glycogen (saved glucose) for gas.
  • Ventilatory threshold 2, or the purpose the place your physique strikes away from cardio metabolism (which makes use of oxygen) to anaerobic metabolism (which doesn’t use oxygen).
  • Tidal quantity is the quantity of air inhaled or exhaled throughout every breath

Relying on the place you reside, you may have the ability to get your VO2 max examined for round $150.

Nonetheless, when you don’t have entry to a VO2 max clinic, three considerably much less correct choices exist.

▶ The 1-mile stroll check

Put on a coronary heart charge monitor as you stroll one mile on a flat floor, akin to a treadmill or operating observe. As quickly as you full the mile, document your coronary heart charge and stroll time. Then, plug it into the next components to calculate your VO2 max:

132.853 — (0.0769 × Weight) — (0.3877 × Age) + (6.315 × Intercourse) — (3.2649 × Time) — (0.1565 × Coronary heart charge)

If that appears like an excessive amount of math, you may also use a free online tool.

▶ The smartwatch check

Many smartwatches will estimate your VO2 Max for you based mostly on data the watch gathers out of your exercises, intercourse, and age. In comparison with in-office testing, good watches can over- or underestimate V02 max, particularly in people who find themselves very out of practice or extraordinarily match.31

Due to this, you don’t essentially need to use your good watch measurement to find out your present state of well being. Nonetheless, it can enable you to see tendencies. For instance, does your VO2 estimate drop after just a few weeks of skipping your traditional spin class? If that’s the case, that’s good data to have.

▶ The PR check

Health efficiency correlates with longevity. If you happen to’re getting sooner at operating a sure distance or can go an extended distance than earlier than, you’re getting fitter and growing your possibilities of dwelling a protracted, wholesome life.

One method to check this: the 12-minute run check, also called the Cooper check. (It is a validated method to estimate VO2 max—and reveals a few 90 % correlation with lab-based measurements.)

Right here’s the way it works:

Run as quick as you’ll be able to on a flat floor, akin to a treadmill set at a 1 % incline or operating observe, for 12 minutes. After 12 minutes, document your distance. Then, plug it into one of many following formulation to calculate your VO2 max.

Distance in Miles Distance in Kilometers
VO2 Max = (35.97 x distance in miles) – 11.29 (22.351 x distance in kilometers) – 11.288

In lieu of doing math, you may also use a free online calculator.

Learn how to change your organic age

Attempt to think about the data you collect about your physique as simply that—data.

It’s not an ethical judgment of who you might be as an individual.

Simply as importantly, it’s not a everlasting state of affairs.

  • If you happen to’re weaker than different folks your age, you’ll be able to develop stronger.
  • In case your ldl cholesterol or blood glucose ranges are excessive, you’ll be able to take steps to decrease them.
  • In case your physique is growing old sooner than your birthdays, think about exploring key way of life adjustments which will assist flip the state of affairs round.

You may have choices. Nonetheless, most individuals make two large errors in terms of longevity-related way of life adjustments.

Mistake #1: Ignoring evergreen, big-impact methods

It’s the easy, boring, “I’ve heard this one million occasions earlier than” well being practices that, when performed persistently, add as much as a protracted, wholesome life.

We’re speaking about issues like…

  • Consuming extra minimally processed meals and fewer ultra-processed meals
  • Consuming extra brightly coloured fruits and veggies
  • Transferring your physique recurrently
  • Getting sufficient relaxation and sleep
  • Having fun with group, time in nature, and different actions that make life significant
  • Protecting alcohol consumption reasonable
  • Not utilizing tobacco
  • Sporting sunscreen
  • Flossing

And that’s only a partial checklist.

Based on 1000’s of research, individuals who follow these and different high-impact methods not solely reside longer, but in addition reside higher. They’re stronger, happier, and fewer prone to spend their later years disabled or in ache.

(If you happen to’d prefer to see the place you stand in terms of large influence well being and longevity methods, take a look at our FREE Longevity Assessment.)

Nonetheless, in terms of well being, health, and longevity, many individuals pursue choices with minimal influence (at finest). They attain for the newest, fashionable complement somewhat than taking steps to stop smoking, as only one instance.

Right here’s the factor: Massive rock methods require adjustments in conduct. If day by day bodily exercise had been as straightforward as popping a capsule, walkers and cyclists would clog up the streets in your neighborhood.

(It’s exactly this motive why so many individuals want the assist of a certified health coach who has undergone coaching within the science of conduct change.)

Mistake #2: Not turning information into motion

The information gathered from biomarker growing old checks can provide you a way of management.

Nonetheless…

Knowledge, in isolation, doesn’t result in an extended life.

Gathering information with out altering your conduct is like checking your reflection within the mirror, seeing spinach wedged between your incisors, and leaving it there.

You’ll want to take away the spinach for the mirror verify to be worthwhile.

Biomarker testing is similar.

If you happen to don’t use your bio information to tell conduct change, you’re losing your time and cash.

Think about your biomarker information as a baseline or place to begin.

Then, use it to evaluate whether or not varied way of life adjustments or medical interventions are transferring you nearer to your objective of dwelling an extended, more healthy life.

References

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2. Strasser B, Volaklis Ok, Fuchs D, Burtscher M. Role of dietary protein and muscular fitness on longevity and aging. Ageing Dis. 2018 Feb 1;9(1):119–32.

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13. Combest TM, Khan J, Tufano JJ, Lane M, Watson NL, Altom KR, et al. Comparison of four body composition methods: Circumference measurements, eight-point bioelectrical impedance analysis up to 500 and 1000 kHz to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure body fat percentage. Mil Med [Internet]. 2024 Sep 18 [cited 2025 Jan 11]

14. Dayer SR, Mears SC, Pangle AK, Mendiratta P, Wei JY, Azhar G. Does superior bone health promote a longer lifespan? Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2021 Aug 3;12:21514593211036231.

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